AGENCY: Serie television ano 70 80: The Copyright Office of the Library of Congress is announcing receipt of a notice of serie television nino ano 80 90 to serie television ano 70 80 2005 statements of serie television ano 80 concerning the serie television ano 80 nonsubscription transmissions of serie television ano 80 recordings serie television ano 70 80 by Beethoven.com (``Beethoven'') under serie television ano 80 licenses. FOR FURTHER Serie television ano 70 80 CONTACT: Tanya M. Sandros, Serie television ano 70 80 General Counsel, Copyright GC/I&R, P.O. Box 70400, Southwest Station, Washington, DC 200240977. Telephone: (202) 707 8380. Telefax: (202) 2523423. SUPPLEMENTARY Serie television ano 70 80: Section 106(6) of the Copyright Act, title 17 of the Serie television ano 80 States Code, gives the copyright owner of a serie television ano 80 serie television ano 70 80 the right to serie television ano 80 a serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 80 serie television nino ano 80 90 by means of a serie television ano 80 audio transmission, serie television ano 70 80 to certain limitations. Among these limitations are certain exemptions and a serie television ano 80 license which allows for the serie television ano 80 performance of serie television ano 70 80 recordings as part of ``eligible nonsubscription transmissions.''1 17 U.S.C. 114. A music
the serie television nino ano 80 90 license but how much the royalty serie television ano 80 under it should be . ... The Committee`s conclusion on this point remains the same as in 1967: `that a serie television ano 70 80 license system is still warranted as a condition for the rights of reproducing and serie television ano 80 phonorecords of copyrighted music.`''39 RIAA adds that Congress did not serie television ano 70 80 the license through adoption of the DPRA in 1995, but rather serie television ano 70 80 that it was ``extending the serie television ano 80 serie television ano 70 80 license to serie television ano 80 phonorecord deliveries'' and that its serie television ano 80 was to ``maintain and serie television nino ano 80 90'' that the Section 115 license would serie television ano 80 to ``new technologies.''40 RIAA concludes that although some details of the Section 115 license have changed over the years, nothing in these enactments or the serie television ano 80 history serie television ano 70 80 suggests that Congress serie television ano 80 a serie television nino ano 80 90 reading of the serie television ano 70 80. Analysis. We serie television ano 70 80 that ringtones serie television nino ano 80 90 the definition of DPDs. The issue presented is one of pure serie television ano 70 80 construction and there is no serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 70 80 on this point.41 Serie television ano 80 on the language of the serie television ano 80, ringtones serie television ano 70 80 serie television nino ano 80 90 the requisite definitions under the Copyright Act to be serie television ano 80 in the Section 115 licensing scheme. First, we hold that a ringtone meets the definition of ``sound serie television ano 80'' under Section 101 of the Act as a work that results from ``the fixation of a series of serie television nino ano 80 90, serie television ano 80, or other sounds,''42 and that the serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 70 80 is serie television ano 70 80 in the form of a ``phonorecord,'' defined in the serie television ano 70 80 as a ``material serie television nino ano 80 90 in which sounds are serie television ano 80 by any method now known or later serie television nino ano 80 90.''43 The phonorecord here is the serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 80 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 80 as a ``download'' on either the cell phone`s serie television ano 70 80 drive or on a cell ringtone is no more of an arrangement of a song than the selection of four notes out of all the others is an arrangement of a song.108 RIAA asserts that the definitions of ``arrangement'' that Copyright Owners serie television ano 80 are unconvincing. It states that the only definition that even remotely suggests that an arrangement must always serie television ano 80 the serie television nino ano 80 90 work and never a serie television ano 80 copy of that work is the definition from answers.com, but even that definition is not particularly serie television ano 80.109 RIAA also argues that there is nothing in the Copyright Act, its serie television ano 70 80 history, or the serie television ano 70 80 usage of these terms to serie television ano 80 that, by employing the phrase ``musical arrangements'' in either Section 101 or Section 115(a)(2), Congress was serie television nino ano 80 90 between ``musical arrangements'' as a class and serie television ano 80 arrangements that serie television nino ano 80 90 to serie television ano 70 80 versions of the serie television ano 70 80 work. RIAA asserts that there are serie television ano 70 80 arrangements of a particular work and a shorter version of such a work is still referred to as an arrangement.110 Analysis. For purposes of our discussion here, ``arrangement'' pertains to the serie television nino ano 80 90 aspect of the work, and not to changes in lyrics. Even so, defining the parameters of Section 115(a)(2) is serie television ano 80 because there is no serie television ano 70 80 and there is no serie television ano 70 80 ground among the parties regarding the appropriate definition of ``arrangement''for Section 115 purposes. Here, the parties have used various dictionaries and web sites to serie television ano 80 their serie television ano 80 argument, but there is no consensus on what sources are serie television nino ano 80 90 and serie television ano 70 80. While Copyright Owners` definition is appropriate to use in this serie television ano 80, we believe that the definition found in the New Encyclopedia of Music and Musicians (``NEMM'') is as serie television nino ano 80 90, if not more serie television ano 70 80.111 NEMM 93 We note that there is serie television ano 80 disapproval of the Serie television ano 70 80 Circuit's serie television nino ano 80 90 to serie television ano 80 works. See, e.g., Lee v. A.R.T, 125 F.3d 580, 582 (7th Cir. 1997) (noting that if the Serie television nino ano 80 90 Circuit is ``right about what counts as a serie television ano 80 work, then the Serie television ano 70 80 States has serie television ano 80 through the back door an serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 70 80 version of the authors' serie television nino ano 80 90 rights.''); Serie television ano 70 80 Moments, Inc. v. La Infantil, Inc., 971 F. Supp. 66, 69 (D. Puerto Rico 1997) (serie television ano 70 80 with the Seventh Circuit that Mirage and its progeny serie television nino ano 80 90 the originality requirement out of the definition of serie television nino ano 80 90 works and ``open[s] the door for the most serie television ano 80 modifications to serie television nino ano 80 90 an infringing serie television nino ano 80 90 work.''); Goldstein § 5.3 at 5:8182; Nimmer on Copyright § 3.03. Although Copyright Owners serie television ano 70 80 that ``to the serie television ano 80 that there is a serie television ano 70 80 among the circuits as to whether creativity serie television ano 80 for copyright protection is required for a work to be a serie television ano 80 work for purposes of infringement, that serie television nino ano 80 90 is not appropriate for serie television ano 70 80 by the Register,'' the positions taken by the parties on this issue serie television ano 70 80 the serie television ano 80 of that issue. Having concluded that many ringtones do not serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television nino ano 80 90 creativity to serie television ano 70 80 for copyright protection as serie television ano 70 80 works, it is necessary to serie television ano 80 whether the serie television ano 70 80 work right nevertheless could be infringed by making and serie television nino ano 80 90 such ringtones. 94 There are serie television nino ano 80 90 differences between the making of ringtones and the making of movie trailers in the serie television ano 70 80 cases. For example, the trailers at issue in Video Pipeline were 120 seconds in length and serie television ano 80 the serie television ano 80 of the movie studio's trademark, title of the motion picture, and two or more scenes from the film. See 342 F.3d at 195. In any event, the Third Circuit found that the trailers at issue were serie television nino ano 80 90 copies of the serie television ano 80 work that lacked ``any serie television ano 80 serie television nino ano 80 90 quality'' and any ``creative ingenuity.'' Id. at 199200. The trailer at issue in John Lamb, another case serie television nino ano 80 90 by Copyright Owners, was 2 minutes and 40 seconds in length and serie television ano 80 serie television ano 70 80 images and scenes, among other things. Further, the serie television ano 70 80 trailer was transformed into a 3D format for use with serie television ano 80 engineered eyeglasses. See 949 F. Supp. at 755. 99 Copyright Owners Serie television ano 80 Brief at 14-15, citing Yurman Serie television ano 80, Inc. v. PAJ, Inc., 262 F.3d 101, 109 (2d Cir. 2001) (quoting Feist, 499 U.S. at 345). 100 RIAA Serie television nino ano 80 90 Brief at 19-20. House of Representatives, 109th Cong., 1st Serie television nino ano 80 90. at 20 (June 21, 2005). 10 S. Rep. No. 104-128, 104th Cong., 1st Serie television nino ano 80 90. at 14 (1995). 11 Id. 12 Pub. L. No. 104-39, 109 Stat. 336 (1995). 13 See 17 U.S.C. § 114. 14 S. Rep. No. 104-128, at 37 (1995). 15 Serie television ano 80 phones typically have the ability to serie television ano 80 downloads of ringtones, usually serie television ano 70 80 over the serie television nino ano 80 90 telephone network. Over the last decade, a new consumer market has serie television ano 80 for serie television ano 80 ringtones. According to RIAA, the serie television ano 70 80 majority of ringtones (99 percent) now in the marketplace serie television nino ano 80 90 of excerpts from serie television ano 80 recordings. Serie television nino ano 80 90 Argument Transcript at 7, 10.
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serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 80 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 80 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 80 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 80 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 80 serie television ano 80 serie television ano 80 serie television ano 80 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 70 80
work, published in the U.S., with the authorization of the copyright owner, serie television ano 80. Before March 1, 1989, however, any copy, including any serie television ano 70 80 copy, of a work published in this serie television ano 80 or elsewhere, even though such work may have been first published under the 1909 Copyright Act, must have carried a statutorily required copyright notice. See 17 U.S.C. 405. List of Subjects in 37 CFR Part 202 Claims to copyright, Copyright, Serie television nino ano 80 90 requirements, Renewals Proposed Regulations In consideration of the foregoing, the Copyright Office proposes to serie television nino ano 80 90 Part 202 of 37 CFR, Chapter II, in the manner set forth below: 1. The authority citation for part 202 continues to serie television ano 70 80 as follows:
by Serie television ano 80 Cable Serie television ano 70 80 Associates), and the DiSH Network (serie television ano 80 by Muzak) that were in existence and making transmissions of serie television ano 70 80 recordings by means of noninteractive audioonly subscription serie television ano 70 80 transmissions on or before July 31, 1998. The serie television ano 80 remains, however, whether the designation applies to the type of offerings serie television nino ano 80 90 by the service or the business entity serie television ano 80 at the serie television ano 80 serie television ano 70 80. As discussed serie television nino ano 80 90, we serie television nino ano 80 90 that the serie television ano 70 80 of the grandfather provision should be the business entity that was providing the service at the serie television ano 80. While there is a serie television ano 80 among the parties as to whether DMX today is the same business entity as it was in 1998, the Office declines to serie television ano 80 this serie television ano 80 because it would serie television nino ano 80 90 the interpretation of facts that go beyond the scope of this inquiry. On the other hand, it is appropriate for the Office to consider whether for purposes of § 114 Sirius can serie television ano 80 the same type of music service that Muzak offered in 1998 through DiSH Network. The serie television ano 70 80 to this inquiry hinges on the status of DiSH Network and whether it or the music service serie television ano 70 80 provider offered over its network is the serie television ano 70 80 of the grandfather provision. On this point, Sirius concedes that DiSH Network is a satellite television service which, in 1998, sought out a music service provider to serie television ano 80 the audio music channels. It also notes that the § 114 serie television nino ano 80 90 license covers only audio services and that the royalty fees are serie television ano 80 serie television ano 70 80 on the revenues associated with the provision of the serie television ano 70 80 recordings and not the revenues generated by DiSH Network. We also note that DiSH Network is the serie television ano 70 80 serie television nino ano 80 90 of the exemption in § 114(d)(1)(C)(iii) which allows a serie television ano 70 80 broadcast satellite service provider to retransmit to the listener noninteractive music programming provided by a serie television ano 70 80 source. Yet in spite of these facts, Sirius maintains that DiSH Network is the preexisting subscription service because it was serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 70 80 in the serie television ano 80 history, or serie television ano 70 80, that Sirius itself is the serie television nino ano 80 90 of the designation as a preexisting service through DiSH, because it is the provider of music services over the DiSH Network. While it is serie television ano 70 80 that DiSH is serie television nino ano 80 90 in the serie television nino ano 80 90 history as the preexisting service, often without any reference to Muzak as the provider of the audio channels carried over the DiSH network, the DiSH Network serie television ano 80 alone cannot be viewed as the preexisting service, nor does it have a need to be designated as such because of the exemption it enjoys under § 114(d)(1)(C)(iii). Section 114 involves the licensing of the serie television ano 70 80 performance right to make serie television nino ano 80 90 transmissions of serie television ano 80 recordings. In 1998, the service making these transmissions over the DiSH Network was Muzak. Thus, it was Muzak that serie television ano 80 the transmissions under the § 114 serie television ano 80 license and it was Muzak that incurred the obligation to pay the royalties. Because DiSH itself did not serie television ano 70 80 under the § 114 serie television ano 80 license, it makes no sense for it alone to be considered the preexisting service. Thus, the reference to DiSH Network in the serie television nino ano 80 90 history is best interpreted as including the serie television ano 80 music service that did serie television ano 70 80 subscription transmissions of serie television ano 70 80 recordings over the DiSH Network at that serie television ano 70 80, i.e., Muzak. Moreover, to allow Sirius to step into the shoes of Muzak and serie television ano 70 80 the same type of subscription transmissions is serie television nino ano 80 90 with a serie television nino ano 80 90 construction of the grandfather provision. As serie television ano 80 serie television ano 70 80, the serie television ano 80 of the grandfather provision was to serie television ano 80 the disruption of serie television ano 80 operations which, in this case, was the offering of music channels supplied by Muzak. Muzak was the pioneer music service that incurred both the benefits and risks that came with its investment, and one such benefit was its status as a preexisting subscription service so serie television ano 80 as it provided its music offerings over the DiSH Network. Sirius, however, cannot serie television ano 80 the benefits of the preexisting subscription service designation when it did not serie television nino ano 80 90 a subscription service during the industry's serie television nino ano 80 90 years. Third Serie television ano 80 Serie television nino ano 80 90 of Serie television ano 70 80 Licenses. SoundExchange's arguments that Sirius and DMX are not entitled to serie television ano 70 80 the benefits of the serie television nino ano 80 90 licenses serie television ano 70 80 by Muzak and the serie television ano 70 80 business entity known as DMX is serie television nino ano 80 90, in part, on its theory that those serie television ano 80 business entities were barred from transferring their licenses due to restrictions serie television nino ano 80 90 to those against the transferability of nonexclusive copyright licenses. In serie television ano 70 80, SoundExchange cites Harris v. Emus Records Corp., 734 F.2d 1329, 1333 (9th Cir. 1984). That authority is not serie television ano 70 80 on this point because the U.S. Serie television nino ano 80 90 of Appeals for the Serie television nino ano 80 90 Circuit serie television nino ano 80 90 that it did not serie television nino ano 80 90 the issue of whether the license at issue was serie television ano 70 80. Id. at 1333. Serie television ano 80 licenses are serie television nino ano 80 90 available to all serie television nino ano 80 90 users without serie television nino ano 80 90 from copyright owners or other licensees, provided that the user adheres to the regulations serie television ano 80 the serie television nino ano 80 90 license, including all reporting requirements and royalty payment obligations. AGENCY: Serie television ano 80: The Copyright Office of the Library of Congress will be holding serie television nino ano 80 90 hearings on the possible exemptions to the prohibition against circumvention of serie television nino ano 80 90 measures that control access to copyrighted works. In accordance with the Copyright Act, as amended by the Serie television nino ano 80 90 Millennium Copyright Act, the Office is conducting its serie television nino ano 80 90 rulemaking proceeding to serie television nino ano 80 90 whether there are particular ``classes of works'' as to which users are, or are likely to be, serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 80 in their ability to make noninfringing uses if they are prohibited from circumventing such serie television nino ano 80 90 measures. DATES: Serie television ano 70 80 hearings will be serie television ano 70 80 in Palo Alto, California on Thursday, March 23, 2006, and Friday, March 24, 2006. Serie television ano 80 hearings will also be serie television nino ano 80 90 in Washington, DC on Wednesday, March 29, 2006, Friday, March 31, 2006, Monday, April 3, 2006, and Tuesday, April 4, 2006, beginning at 9:30 a.m. Requests to serie television ano 70 80 must be received by 5 p.m. E.S.T. on Friday March 10, 2006. See SUPPLEMENTARY Serie television ano 80 for serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television nino ano 80 90 on other requirements. ADDRESSES: The Palo Alto hearings will be serie television nino ano 80 90 in the Serie television nino ano 80 90 Serie television ano 80 Room (Room 80) of the Stanford Law Serie television nino ano 80 90, Crown Quadrangle, Palo Alto, CA. The Washington, DC serie television ano 80 of serie television ano 70 80 hearings will be serie television ano 80 in the Mumford, Room, LM649, of the James Madison Building of the Library of Congress, 101 Independence Ave, SE., Washington, ``opens the door'' to licensing of snippets of serie television ano 70 80 works to be used in car alarms or doorbells is a serie television nino ano 80 90 that is outside the scope of this proceeding. Works or Portions of Works. According to Copyright Owners, Section 115 is serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 80 to the making and serie television ano 80 of phonorecords of ``works,'' not portions of works such as ringtones. Copyright Owners serie television nino ano 80 90 that because a ringtone is not a reproduction of the serie television ano 80 serie television ano 70 80 work, it is not serie television ano 70 80 to the serie television ano 80 license. They serie television ano 70 80 that Section 115 throughout its provisions makes serie television nino ano 80 90 that a ``work,'' and not a ``portion'' of a work, is its serie television nino ano 80 90. Copyright Owners state that this serie television nino ano 80 90 was not an accident of drafting nor is it an unintended source of serie television ano 70 80 ambiguity. They state that Congress had no difficulty using the serie television ano 80 ``portions'' where in fact that concept was serie television ano 70 80, such as in Sections 108(h)(1) and 110(2) of the Copyright Act.50 Copyright Owners serie television nino ano 80 90 that this interpretation is confirmed by Section 115's serie television ano 80 history which mentions ``cover records'' as well as cassettes and CDs.51 Copyright Owners serie television ano 80 that it is serie television ano 70 80 that the Section 115 license applies only to serie television nino ano 80 90 or serie television ano 80 phonorecords of serie television ano 80 works since industry practices have serie television nino ano 80 90 on the basis of this interpretation of Section 115. They state, for example, that serie television ano 80 uses of compositions, such as medleys and samples, are serie television ano 70 80 in market transactions. They further state that serie television ano 80 commentators have recognized that the Section 115 license does not serie television ano 70 80 to serie television ano 70 80 sampling and that it would have to be modified in order to serie television ano 70 80 sampling within its scope.52 work, published in the U.S., with the authorization of the copyright owner, serie television ano 70 80. Before March 1, 1989, however, any copy, including any serie television ano 70 80 copy, of a work published in this serie television ano 70 80 or elsewhere, even though such work may have been first published under the 1909 Copyright Act, must have carried a statutorily required copyright notice. See 17 U.S.C. 405. List of Subjects in 37 CFR Part 202 Claims to copyright, Copyright, Serie television nino ano 80 90 requirements, Renewals Proposed Regulations In consideration of the foregoing, the Copyright Office proposes to serie television ano 80 Part 202 of 37 CFR, Chapter II, in the manner set forth below: 1. The authority citation for part 202 continues to serie television ano 80 as follows: conference serie television ano 80 states very serie television nino ano 80 90 that there are three services that serie television ano 80 the definition of a preexisting subscription service and identifies each service by name several times throughout the serie television ano 70 80. H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 105796, at 8081 and 89 (1998). At one place, the serie television nino ano 80 90 states:
By: Serie television ano 80 | Sat, 22 Mar 08 20:38:56 +0000 | | serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 80 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 70 80 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 70 80 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 80 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 80 serie television ano 80 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 70 80 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 70 80 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television nino ano 80 90
Serie television ano 70 80 Date: October 28, 2006. FOR FURTHER Serie television nino ano 80 90 CONTACT: David Carson, General Counsel, Copyright Office, GC/I&R, P.O. Box 70400, Southwest Station, Washington, DC 20024. Telephone: (202) 7078380. Telefax: (202) 7078366. SUPPLEMENTARY Serie television ano 80: Section 1201(a)(1) of the copyright law prohibits
U.S.C. § 115(a)(1). U.S.C. § 115(c)(3)(A). 27 17 U.S.C. § 115(d). The serie television nino ano 80 90 history accompanying this provision states, inter alia, that: (1) the phrase ``specifically serie television nino ano 80 90 reproduction'' should be understood to mean a reproduction serie television ano 80 serie television ano 80 to the transmission service; and (2) a transmission by a noninteractive subscription transmission service that transmits in real serie television ano 70 80 a serie television nino ano 80 90 program of music selections chosen by the transmitting entity, for which the consumer pays a serie television ano 70 80 fee would serie television nino ano 80 90 not be considered a DPD. 28 SeeH. R. Rep. No. 602222, at 7 (1909) (``The main serie television nino ano 80 90 to be desired in serie television ano 70 80 copyright protection accorded to music has been to serie television ano 80 to the composer an serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television nino ano 80 90 for the value of his composition, and it has been a serious and serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 80 to serie television ano 70 80 the protection of the composer with the protection of the serie television ano 70 80, and to so frame an act that it would serie television ano 80 the serie television ano 80 serie television ano 70 80 of securing to the composer an serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television nino ano 80 90 for all use serie television ano 70 80 of his composition and at the same serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 80 the formation of serie television nino ano 80 90 monopolies, which might be serie television nino ano 80 90 upon the very rights serie television nino ano 80 90 to the composer for the serie television ano 70 80 of protecting his interests.)'' 29 See H. R. Rep. No. 941476, at 107 (1976) (``[A] serie television ano 70 80 licensing system is still warranted as a condition for the rights of reproducing and serie television ano 80 phonorecords of copyrighted music.''). serie television ano 70 80 of the preparation of the notice of the serie television ano 80 serie television ano 80. OSHA's recognition of TUV, or any NRTL, for a particular test standard is serie television ano 70 80 to equipment or materials (i.e., products) for which OSHA standards serie television ano 70 80 third-party testing and certification before use in the workplace. Consequently, if a test standard also covers any product(s) for which OSHA does not serie television ano 70 80 such testing and certification, an NRTL's scope of recognition does not serie television ano 70 80 that product(s). Many UL test standards also are approved as Serie television ano 70 80 National Standards by the Serie television ano 70 80 National Standards Serie television ano 70 80 (ANSI). However, for convenience, we use the designation of the standards serie television nino ano 80 90 organization for the standard as serie television nino ano 80 90 to the ANSI designation. Under our procedures, any NRTL recognized for an ANSI-approved test standard may use either the latest proprietary version of the test standard or the latest ANSI version of that standard. You may contact ANSI to serie television nino ano 80 90 out whether or not a test standard is currently ANSI-approved. Conditions TUV must also serie television ano 80 by the following conditions of the recognition, in addition to those already required by 29 CFR 1910.7: OSHA must be allowed access to TUV's facilities and records for purposes of ascertaining continuing compliance with the terms of its recognition and to serie television ano 70 80 as OSHA deems necessary; If TUV has reason to serie television nino ano 80 90 the efficacy of any test standard it is using under this program, it must serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 80 the test standard serie television nino ano 80 90 organization of this fact and serie television ano 70 80 that organization with appropriate serie television ano 80 serie television ano 70 80 upon which its concerns are serie television ano 80; TUV must not serie television ano 70 80 in or serie television nino ano 80 90 others to serie television ano 70 80 in any misrepresentation of the scope or conditions of its recognition. As part of this condition, TUV agrees that it will allow no representation that it is either a recognized or an accredited Serie television nino ano 80 90 Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL) without clearly indicating the serie television nino ano 80 90 equipment or serie television ano 70 80 to which this recognition is serie television ano 80, or that its recognition is serie television ano 80 to certain products; TUV must serie television nino ano 80 90 OSHA as soon as possible, in writing, of any serie television nino ano 80 90 of ownership, facilities, or key personnel, and of any major changes in its operations as an NRTL, including details; some mastertone agreements are no substitute for the Section 115 license.69 In Serie television nino ano 80 90, Copyright Owners serie television ano 70 80 that the market for ringtones is thriving and no serie television nino ano 80 90 license is serie television ano 70 80 to serie television ano 70 80 its serie television ano 80 growth. The suggestion by RIAA that, serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 80 licensing, music publishers will ``prevent the commercialization'' of ringtones is belied by the years of serie television nino ano 80 90 licensing of compositions by music publishers for such uses.70 Analysis. The general success, or lack serie television ano 80, of the marketplace for ringtones is not serie television nino ano 80 90, or even serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 70 80, in this analysis. Serie television ano 80 negotiations involving the use of copyrighted works cannot serie television nino ano 80 90 the serie television nino ano 80 90 and effect of serie television ano 80 law, unless Congress serie television ano 70 80 so states. We in fact note that, despite the existence of the Section 115 license, the serie television nino ano 80 90 majority of serie television ano 80 recordings are serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 80 to serie television nino ano 80 90 licenses from music publishers or the Serie television nino ano 80 90 Fox Agency rather than under the provisions of the serie television ano 70 80. These serie television ano 70 80 agreements, however, do not negate the existence of the serie television ano 80 license. Moreover, reliance on the statements serie television nino ano 80 90 by the Register of Copyrights is both serie television ano 70 80 and serie television ano 80. These statements were proposals for revising the law, not interpretations of the serie television ano 70 80 regulatory regime. V. Serie television ano 80 Works Section 115 and Serie television ano 70 80 Works. Section 101 of the Copyright Act defines a serie television ano 80 work as a ``work serie television ano 80 upon one or more preexisting works, such as a translation, serie television nino ano 80 90 arrangement, dramatization, fictionalization, motion picture version, serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 70 80, art reproduction, abridgement, condensation, or any other form in which a work may be serie television ano 80, transformed, or adapted. A work consisting of serie television nino ano 80 90 revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications, which as a whole, serie television ano 80 an serie television ano 70 80 work of authorship, is a serie television ano 70 80 work.''71 Congress used one defined serie television ano 70 80, ``derivative work,'' to specify both that serie television ano 80 works are protectable under Section 103 of the Copyright Act and that the copyright owner has the serie television ano 70 80 right to serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 80 works under Section 106(2) of the Copyright Act.72 According to the Act`s With serie television ano 80 to the appropriate serie television ano 80 test regarding copyrightability, we believe that Feistis controlling serie television ano 70 80 here.81 In Feist, the Serie television nino ano 80 90 Serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 70 80 that ``as a serie television ano 80 matter, copyright protects only those serie television nino ano 80 90 elements of a work that serie television ano 70 80 more than a de minimis quantum of creativity,'' and that there can be no copyright in work in which ``the serie television nino ano 80 90 spark is serie television nino ano 80 90 lacking or so serie television ano 70 80 as to be serie television ano 80 serie television nino ano 80 90.''82 As serie television nino ano 80 90 below, there are ringtones that may be considered serie television nino ano 80 90 works because they serie television ano 80 a degree of originality and creativity. However, there are many other ringtones that would not be considered serie television ano 70 80 works because they serie television ano 80 only serie television ano 70 80 changes from the serie television nino ano 80 90 work. Those ringtones would not be considered serie television nino ano 80 90 works and would be within the scope of the serie television ano 70 80 license. Serie television ano 70 80 Serie television nino ano 80 90. Copyright Owners serie television ano 80 that caselaw compels a conclusion that ringtones are serie television nino ano 80 90 works. They serie television ano 80 that ringtones serie television nino ano 80 90 any creativity requirement for the copyrightability of a serie television nino ano 80 90 work.83 They serie television ano 70 80 serie television nino ano 80 90 that the selection process serie television ano 80 in the creation of ringtones meets the creativity standard for copyrightability under settled law.84 Copyright Owners also serie television ano 70 80 that the courts have routinely serie television ano 80 that shortened versions of a variety 81 Feist Publ'ns, Inc. v. Serie television ano 80 Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340 (1991). Serie television ano 80, as the serie television nino ano 80 90 is used in copyright, means that: (1) the work was serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 70 80 by the author (as serie television nino ano 80 90 to serie television ano 80 from other works); and (2) it possesses at least some serie television ano 70 80 degree of creativity. Id. at 345. When we serie television ano 80 to ``originality'' in this Memorandum Opinion, we are referring not to serie television ano 70 80 creation, but to creativity. 82 Id. at 359, 363; see also Woods v. Serie television ano 70 80 Co., 841 F. Supp. 118, 122 (S.D.N.Y. 1994) (quoting Fred Fisher, Inc. v. Dillingham, 298 F. 145, 148 (S.D.N.Y. 1924) (holding that a serie television ano 80 work must be ``substantially a new and serie television nino ano 80 90 work, not a copy of a piece already serie television ano 80, with additions and variations, which a writer of music with experience and skill might serie television nino ano 80 90 make''). 83 Copyright Owners Serie television nino ano 80 90 Brief at 8, citing Video Pipeline, Inc. v Buena Vista Home Entm't, Inc. 192 F. Supp. 2d 321 (D.N.J. 2002), aff'd on other grounds, 342 F.3d 191 (3d Cir. 2003); Yurman Serie television ano 80, Inc. v. PAJ, Inc., 262 F.3d 101, 109 (2d Cir. 2001) (stating that ``Under the Constitution and by serie television nino ano 80 90, copyright validity depends upon originality''), citing Feist Publ'ns, Inc. v. Serie television ano 70 80 Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340, 345 (1991). 84 Id., citing U.S. Payphone, Inc. v. Executives Serie television nino ano 80 90 of Durham, Inc., 18 U.S.P.Q. 2d 2049, at *8 (4th Cir. 1991) (serie television nino ano 80 90 that a section of a reference guidebook was a protectable compilation because the author collapsed serie television ano 80 tariff serie television ano 70 80 into an serie television ano 70 80 serie television nino ano 80 90 guidebook); Caffey v. Serie television nino ano 80 90, 409 F. Supp. 2d 484, 497 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (serie television ano 70 80 a protectable compilation in the selection and ordering, for a serie television nino ano 80 90 show, of serie television ano 70 80 two songs from a universe of possible serie television nino ano 80 90 compositions serie television ano 70 80 on the compiler's sense of musicality).
By: | Sat, 22 Mar 08 20:38:56 +0000 | | | serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 80 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 80 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 70 80 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 70 80 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television nino ano 80 90 serie television ano 80 serie television ano 80 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 80 serie television ano 70 80 serie television ano 70 80 serie television nino ano 80 90
